Here are Trump campaign's - so far unproven - allegations of election irregularities

WASHINGTON - Republicans have made claims of election irregularities in five states where President-elect Joe Biden leads in the vote count, alleging in lawsuits and public statements that election officials did not follow proper procedures while counting ballots in Tuesday's election.

So far, they have gone 0 for 5.

Since Election Day, President Donald Trump has repeatedly claimed that a broad conspiracy of misdeeds - apparently committed in both Republican and Democratic states - had cost him the election.

"I WON THE ELECTION, GOT 71,000,000 LEGAL VOTES," Trump tweeted on Saturday, after returning to the White House from his Virginia golf course. "BAD THINGS HAPPENED WHICH OUR OBSERVERS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SEE." Trump's campaign has encouraged donors to contribute to a legal defence fund so he can fight the cases in court.

But in the lawsuits themselves, even Trump's campaign and allies do not allege widespread fraud or an election-changing conspiracy.

Instead, GOP groups have largely focused on smaller-bore complaints in an effort to delay the counting of ballots, or claims that would affect a small fraction of votes, at best.

And, even then, they have largely lost in court.

The reason: Judges have said the Republicans did not provide evidence to back up their assertions - just speculation, rumours or hearsay. Or in one case, hearsay written on a sticky note.

The result has been a flurry of filings that Trump has cited as a reason to avoid conceding defeat - but, so far, done nothing to prevent the defeat itself.

PENNSYLVANIA

As absentee ballots helped Biden overtake Trump in Pennsylvania last week, Republicans sought to stop Philadelphia officials from counting them. Their argument: GOP observers had been barred from the rooms where the votes were being counted.

The problem: That wasn't true.

Republican observers were there, after all. Trump had "a non-zero number of people in the room," one of his attorneys conceded in federal court on Thursday evening.

"I'm sorry, then what's your problem?" asked US District Judge Paul S Diamond, who denied the request to halt the count.

Trump's team saw a few small victories in the state, though none seems likely to come close to affecting the race's outcome. The campaign won an order to move observers closer to the counting machines in Philadelphia.

And it succeeded in getting Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito to issue an order that election officials must separate ballots that arrived after Election Day but before Friday evening - a step that counties have already taken. Under an earlier ruling by the state Supreme Court, election officials may tally those ballots, which are a tiny fraction of the overall vote, but state officials have ordered them kept segregated in case of further legal challenges.

Elsewhere in Pennsylvania, Republicans sued to stop local election officials from releasing the names of voters whose absentee ballots had been rejected for errors such as a lack of signature. Local counties release the names so voters can fix the flaws in their ballots.

These suits have not succeeded, either.

In Northampton County, Pa, for instance, a judge wrote that the local GOP needed to prove why they would be injured, if voters had a chance to correct their ballots. "As a result, its request for an injunction must fail," wrote Judge Michael Koury Jr.

On Saturday, Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani said that the campaign was preparing to file another lawsuit on Monday, alleging wrongdoing on a grand scale in Pennsylvania. "Many cases are going to be filed - some big, some small. This is going to be eventually a big case," Giuliani said.

Just before Giuliani's news conference, a string of major news organisations projected Biden as the winner in Pennsylvania - and the victor of the 2020 presidential election.

MICHIGAN

In Michigan, Biden trailed on election night - but then, as in other Midwestern states, surged back to overtake Trump as thousands of absentee ballots were counted. In two lawsuits, Republicans alleged that there was impropriety in those ballot counts.

They lost, both times. And for the same reason: Republicans could not provide evidence of wrongdoing.

In one case, Republicans said GOP election observers in Detroit were being excluded when city officials fixed, or "cured", ballots that their machines couldn't read. In these cases - which might be caused by a stray mark or a coffee stain - officials can make a duplicate ballot, with the same votes, and run that one instead.

Republicans said they had "information and belief" that this curing process had been done repeatedly without a GOP official there to observe it. They asked a judge to delay certifying Detroit's results. The judge said no. He said the GOP's evidence of misconduct was "mere speculation".

"The City of Detroit should not be harmed when there is no evidence to support accusations of voter fraud," Judge Timothy Kenny wrote.

In another suit, Trump's presidential campaign asked a judge to stop all processing of absentee ballots in Michigan.

In that case, a Republican election observer said she'd been given a sticky note by an unnamed poll worker, alleging that late-arriving ballots were being counted improperly. But she couldn't provide the poll worker's name, or any other proof.

A judge rejected that, saying that the GOP's evidence was inadmissible as hearsay. The judge also said that - because Trump's campaign had waited until late afternoon on Wednesday to file - their suit was moot.

"By the time this action was filed, the votes had largely been counted, and the counting is now complete," Judge Cynthia Diane Stephens wrote on Friday.

Meanwhile, Republican National Committee Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel raised another series of claims during a news conference on Friday in Bloomfield Hills, Mich., alleging that election workers in Detroit were told to backdate certain ballots. Detroit officials denied the accusation.

McDaniel acknowledged that her allegations had not been fully vetted and said the information had been shared with federal prosecutors. A Justice Department official said the information McDaniel provided has been referred to the FBI. It was unclear what, if any, action they planned to take. An FBI spokeswoman in Detroit referred a reporter to the US attorney's office, which declined to comment.

McDaniel also asserted that 2,000 Republican ballots in Rochester Hills, Mich., had been "given to Democrats . . . due to a clerical error".

Tina Barton, the GOP city clerk of Rochester Hills, said in a video posted on Twitter that McDaniel was referring to an "isolated mistake that was quickly rectified" and called her allegation "categorically false".

"As a Republican, I am disturbed that this is intentionally being mischaracterised to undermine the election process," she said in the video.

In an interview, she said that there was a technical issue that temporarily created duplicate results when mail ballots were scanned, but it was immediately fixed.

Barton said that she only learned of the RNC chairwoman's claim when a reporter called her for comment.

"I have spent 15 years building my reputation of being a good election official - not only a good one, but a great one - and to have someone make a statement that we committed fraud of some kind, that 2,000 ballots were found, I couldn't stand by and not respond," she said.

GEORGIA

In Georgia, Trump's campaign filed a lawsuit the day after the election focused narrowly on absentee ballots in Chatham County, home to Savannah. The campaign asked that any absentee ballots arriving after polls closed on Tuesday be set aside.

For most voters, Georgia requires ballots to arrive before the end of Election Day, though there's an exception for military voters and overseas voters.

The Trump campaign cited an affidavit from a poll worker who said he thought he might have seen late-arriving ballots improperly mingled with ones cast on time. Even if that was true, it was not an election-changing problem: The allegation dealt with a small number of ballots in a single county.

Georgia Democrats filed two affidavits from other poll workers who said they observed no such intermingling. A Georgia judge dismissed Trump's suit in one day, writing that there was "no evidence" the county elections board had failed to comply with the law.

ARIZONA

In Arizona, the Trump campaign and the Republican National Committee filed suit in state court on Saturday alleging that some voters were told by poll workers to push a button on a tabulating machine to cast their ballot, even after machine tabulators had detected an "overvote" - that is, the machine detected the possibility that the person had voted for two candidates.

Under state rules, they said, voters are supposed to be allowed to cancel such ballots and try again because sometimes stray ink marks or smudges can cause the tabulator to improperly assess an "overvote". The campaign asked a judge to order a manual review of such ballots and to bar the certification of the Arizona vote until it is complete.

Trump supporters spent much of the week alleging that the tabulators were thrown off by the use of Sharpie pens and therefore disqualified large numbers of votes. State officials have insisted Sharpie pens are in fact the best writing instrument to use with the machines because of their fast-dry ink, and they do not cause problems.

Voters who filed an earlier suit alleging Sharpie-caused ballot issues have dropped that one and are intervening in the new case filed by the Trump campaign, according to lawyer Alexander Kolodin. Arizona Secretary of State Katie Hobbs, a Democrat, said the new suit was a "repackaging" of that matter and merely an attempt to delay the count.

NEVADA

In Nevada, two days after the election, a group of Trump allies claimed that thousands of people had voted illegally in Clark County, home to Las Vegas.

"That is unacceptable and it's giving legal people a sense that the system is corrupt," said Richard Grenell, Trump's former acting director of national intelligence.

Neither the Trump campaign nor the GOP were named plaintiffs in the federal lawsuit that was eventually filed by Republicans, which presented no evidence that thousands of people had voted improperly.

By then, the allegation had been whittled down drastically. Instead of 10,000 cases, Trump's allies presented one: a woman named Jill Stokke, who said she was denied the right to vote in person because her mail ballot had been stolen and filled out by someone else.

But, in fact, Stokke's story was more complicated. Election officials said they had indeed received a mail ballot from her - but the signature matched her own. They had offered her a chance to cancel that mail ballot and vote again, if she would sign an affidavit saying the mail ballot had been stolen. She did not.

The Trump allies wanted US District Court Judge Andrew Gordon to order a ban on the use of a machine for verifying signatures, a move that would have slowed down an already slow count. He did not. Instead, Gordon told the plaintiffs to return to court if they found more evidence to back their claims.

Beyond that lawsuit, GOP officials also alleged that more than 3,000 people voted in Nevada despite not living in the state.

Lawyers for the Trump campaign sent a letter on Thursday to US Attorney General William Barr alleging "criminal voter fraud in the State of Nevada" and claiming to have identified 3,062 people who voted improperly. They enclosed a list of addresses of voters who they said had moved out of state, information they said came from cross-checking voter data with the National Change of Address database.

At a news conference on Sunday before a crowd of cheering supporters in Las Vegas, Trump campaign officials went further, claiming that as many as 9,000 non-residents wrongly voted and that the Clark County elections system was riddled with other fraud, without offering credible evidence.

Groans and gasps could be heard from the crowd as campaign officials accused Democratic officials in Clark County of disenfranchising Republican voters. "Stop the steal," the crowd chanted.

Local election officials have stressed that Nevada law allows some people to vote while living out of state: students, military personnel and military spouses.

"You don't have to live here in order to be eligible to vote here," Joe Gloria, the Clark County registrar of voters, told reporters last week.

The addresses of Amy Rose and her husband, an Air Force service member, are on the Trump campaign's list of out-of-state voters. Rose and her husband currently live in Davis, Calif., where she works for a veterans' support organisation and her husband is pursuing a doctorate, doing Air Force-funded research in aerospace engineering.

"It's really appalling to be used as pawns" to undermine confidence in the election results, Rose said. "We both take our duties as citizens seriously. It was quite shocking to see our integrity challenged without any basis in fact."

In a statement, the Nevada GOP said it has "no intention of invalidating any legal voter".

A Justice Department official said the department was "looking into" the allegations, but declined to provide more detail.